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NEW QUESTION # 46
Where would you look in a packet trace file to identify the configured Minimum Basic Rate (MBR) of a BSS?
- A. In the MBR Information Element in an Association Response frame
- B. In the Minimum Basic Rate Element in a Beacon frame
- C. In the MBR Action frame
- D. Supported Rates & Extended Supported Rates elements in a Beacon frame
Answer: D
Explanation:
The configured Minimum Basic Rate (MBR) of a BSS can be identified by looking at the Supported Rates and Extended Supported Rates elements in a Beacon frame. A Beacon frame is a type of management frame that is transmitted by an AP to advertise its presence and capabilities to potential clients. A Beacon frame contains various information elements (IEs) that provide details about the BSS configuration and operation.
The Supported Rates and Extended Supported Rates IEs list the data rates that are supported by the AP for data transmission. The MBR is the lowest data rate among these supported rates that is required for all clients to join and communicate with the BSS. The MBR is usually marked with a flag bit in these IEs to indicate its mandatory status. The other options are not correct, as they do not exist or do not indicate the MBR of a BSS. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 123-124
NEW QUESTION # 47
You have been asked to recommend a solution for protocol capture of 802.11 frames consisting of 3x3:3
802.11ac communications. The requirement specifies that you gain a general view of a coverage area and does not require that you capture from specific user locations. The solution must be the least expensive practical solution possible that does not disrupt user access to the WLAN and it must be based on enterprise WLAN hardware.
What solution would you recommend so that any coverage area could be monitored on demand?
- A. Install the minimum number of Aps required for coverage and use these Aps for protocol analysis as needed
- B. Install laptop-based protocol analyzer near each AP
- C. Install Wireshark on the Aps natively to allow dynamic capture while serving clients
- D. Install sufficient Aps so that an AP can be taken offline to perform protocol analysis as needed
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 48
Which one of the following should be the first step when troubleshooting a WLAN issue?
- A. Identify probable causes
- B. Identify capture locations
- C. Perform an initial WLAN scan and see if any obvious issues stand out
- D. Define the problem
Answer: D
Explanation:
The first step in any troubleshooting process is to define the problem. This involves gathering information from various sources, such as users, network administrators, network documentation, and network monitoring tools. Defining the problem helps to narrow down the scope of the issue and identify the symptoms, causes, and effects of the problem12 References:
* CWAP-403 Study Guide, Chapter 1: Troubleshooting Methodology, page 7
* CWAP-403 Objectives, Section 1.1: Define the problem
NEW QUESTION # 49
In which element of a Beacon frame would you look to identity the current HT protection mode in which an AP is operating?
- A. HT Protection Element
- B. ERP Information Element
- C. HT Capabilities Element
- D. HT Operations Element
Answer: D
Explanation:
The HT protection mode in which an AP is operating can be identified by looking at the HT Operations element in a Beacon frame. The HT Operations element is a part of the Beacon frame that contains information about the High Throughput (HT) capabilities and operation of an 802.11n BSS. The HT Operations element has a field called HT Protection, which indicates how the BSS protects its HT transmissions from interference or collisions with non-HT devices or BSSs. The HT Protection field can have four values: No Protection, Nonmember Protection, 20 MHz Protection, or Non-HT Mixed Mode. The other options are not correct, as they do not contain information about the HT protection mode. The HT Protection element does not exist, the ERP Information element is used for Extended Rate PHY (ERP) protection mode for 802.11g devices, and the HT Capabilities element is used for indicating the supported HT features of an individual device. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 125-126
NEW QUESTION # 50
In a Spectrum Analyzer the Swept Spectrogram plot displays what information?
- A. RF power present at a particular frequency over the course of time
- B. The RF time domain
- C. Wi-Fi Device information
- D. Reductions in frame transmissions
Answer: A
Explanation:
The Swept Spectrogram plot is a spectrum analysis plot that shows the RF power present at a particular frequency over the course of time. It can help identify trends and patterns in the RF spectrum over a longer period of time. It can also show how the RF environment changes over time and how different sources of RF signals affect each other. The other options are not correct, as they describe different types of plots or information that are not related to the Swept Spectrogram plot. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 72-73
NEW QUESTION # 51
What is the function of the PHY Preamble?
- A. Allows the receiver to detect and synchronize with the signal
- B. To terminate a conversation between transmitter and receiver
- C. To set the modulation method for the MPDU
- D. Carries the NDP used in Transmit Beamforming and MU-MIMO
Answer: A
Explanation:
The function of the PHY preamble is to allow the receiver to detect and synchronize with the signal. The PHY preamble is a part of the PPDU that is transmitted before the PHY header and the PSDU. The PHY preamble consists of a series of training fields that help the receiver to adjust its parameters, such as frequency, timing, and gain, to match the incoming signal. The PHY preamble also helps the receiver to estimate the channel conditions and noise level. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 4:
802.11 Physical Layer, page 99-100
NEW QUESTION # 52
VoIP is used heavily in your organization. You must troubleshoot problems with dropped calls on the WLAN.
What is a common cause of dropped calls when using Wi-Fi VoIP phones?
- A. Slow roaming
- B. Data rates below 75 Mbps
- C. Use of WMM
- D. Data rates below 54 Mbps
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 53
You are tasked with describing the various frames used in 802.11 communications.
What frame is used for spectrum management, fast BSS transition and some other actions taken within a BSA?
- A. BlockAck
- B. CTS
- C. PS Poll
- D. Action
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 54
How many frames are exchanged for 802.11 authentication in the 6 GHz band when WPA3-Enterprise is not used, and a passphrase is used instead?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: C
Explanation:
Two frames are exchanged for 802.11 authentication in the 6 GHz band when WPA3-Enterprise is not used, and a passphrase is used instead. Authentication is a process that establishes an identity relationship between a STA (station) and an AP (access point) before joining a BSS (Basic Service Set). There are two types of authentication methods defined by 802.11: Open System Authentication and Shared Key Authentication.
Open System Authentication does not require any credentials or security information from a STA to join a BSS, and it consists of two frames: an Authentication Request frame sent by the STA to the AP, and an Authentication Response frame sent by the AP to the STA. Shared Key Authentication requires a shared secret key from a STA to join a BSS, and it consists of four frames: two challenge-response frames in addition to the request-response frames. However, Shared Key Authentication uses WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) as its encryption algorithm, which is insecure and deprecated. In the 6 GHz band, which is a newly available frequency band for WLANs, Shared Key Authentication is prohibited by the 802.11 standard, as it poses security and interference risks for other users and services in the band. The 6 GHz band requires all WLANs to use WPA3-Personal or WPA3-Enterprise encryption methods, which are more secure and robust than previous encryption methods such as WPA2 or WEP. WPA3-Personal uses a passphrase to derive a PMK (Pairwise Master Key), while WPA3-Enterprise uses an authentication server to obtain a PMK. Both methods use SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals) as their authentication protocol, which replaces PSK (Pre- Shared Key) or EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol). SAE consists of two frames: an SAE Commit frame sent by both parties to exchange elliptic curve parameters and nonces, and an SAE Confirm frame sent by both parties to verify each other's identities and generate a PMK. Therefore, when WPA3-Enterprise is not used, and a passphrase is used instead in the 6 GHz band, only two frames are exchanged for 802.11 authentication: an SAE Commit frame and an SAE Confirm frame. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 8: Security Analysis, page 220-221
NEW QUESTION # 55
ABC Company requires the ability to identify and quickly locate rogue devices. ABC has chosen an overlay WIPS solution with Wi-Fi sensors that use dipole antennas to perform this task. No other sensors are included. Use your knowledge of location tracking techniques to answer the question.
Which one of the following location methods is not available in the described system?
- A. RF Fingerprinting
- B. Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA)
- C. GPS Positioning
- D. Trilateration of RSSI measurements
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 56
Where, in a protocol analyzer, would you find an indication that a frame was transmitted as part of an A- MPDU?
- A. A-MPDU flag in the Frame Control Field
- B. The Aggregation flag in the Radio Tap Header
- C. A-MPDU flag in the QoS Control Field
- D. The HT Operation Element
Answer: B
Explanation:
In a protocol analyzer, you would find an indication that a frame was transmitted as part of an A-MPDU by looking at the Aggregation flag in the Radio Tap Header. The Radio Tap Header is a pseudo-header that is added by some wireless capture devices to provide additional information about the physical layer characteristics of a frame. The Aggregation flag is one of the fields in this header, and it indicates whether the frame belongs to an A-MPDU or not. If the flag is set to 1, it means that the frame is part of an A-MPDU; if it is set to 0, it means that the frame is not part of an A-MPDU . References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 9: PHY Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 303; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 9: PHY Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 304.
NEW QUESTION # 57
You are explaining capacity planning to another engineer assisting you on a WLAN implementation project.
As part of the explanation, you provide the following formula: C = B * log2(1 + S/N).
What does this formula define?
- A. The WEP encryption algorithm
- B. Minimum signal strength for a data rate
- C. Bandwidth capabilities of a channel
- D. Maximum signal strength of a channel
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 58
802.11k Neighbor Requests and Neighbor Reports are sent in what type of Management Frames?
- A. Reassociation Request and Reassociation Response
- B. RRM
- C. Beacon
- D. Action
Answer: D
Explanation:
802.11k Neighbor Requests and Neighbor Reports are sent in Action frames. An Action frame is a Management frame that is used to perform various operations or functions related to the operation or maintenance of a wireless network. An Action frame consists of a Category field that indicates the type of action being performed, and a variable-length Action Details field that contains specific information related to the action. For example, an Action frame with a Category field value of 5 indicates a Radio Measurement action, and the Action Details field may contain a Neighbor Request or a Neighbor Report subelement .
References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6:
MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 207; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 208; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 434.
NEW QUESTION # 59
When using a commercial WLAN protocol analyzer, you notice that it is listing vendor names for some APs and client STAs.
What is the source of this information?
- A. DNS name resolution
- B. Banner grabbing
- C. Broadcast name resolution
- D. Vendor OUI values
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 60
You are concerned about attackers gaining access to your WLAN from outside the facility.
Why does reducing the output power on the APs not provide sufficient certainty that an attacker outside the facility cannot gain access?
- A. Because the attacker will simplify use a lower gain antenna and a radio with higher receive sensitivity
- B. Because RF signals can be received even when weak if using a Mac OS X computer
- C. Because the attacker can increase the output power of the radio on the client
- D. Because the attacker can simply use high gain antennas
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 61
You are considering the performance of a BSS based on different PHY types used. In the BSS, one device must use ERP as it does not support HT in its 2.4 GHz band.
What is the duration of the interframe space for this ERP device for standard data frame transmissions?
- A. 16 microseconds
- B. 28 microseconds
- C. 9 microseconds
- D. 10 microseconds
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 62
What is the function of the PHY layer?
- A. Convert PSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to PSDUs for receptions
- B. Convert PPDUs to MSDUs for transmissions and MSDUs to PPDUs for receptions
- C. Convert PPDUs to PSDUs for transmissions and PSDUs to PPDUs for receptions
- D. Convert MSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to MSDUs for receptions
Answer: A
Explanation:
The function of the PHY layer is to convert PSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to PSDUs for receptions. A PSDU (PHY Service Data Unit) is the data unit that is passed from the MAC layer to the PHY layer for transmission, or from the PHY layer to the MAC layer for reception. A PPDU (PHY Protocol Data Unit) is the data unit that is transmitted or received over the wireless medium by the PHY layer. A PPDU consists of a PSDU and a PHY header, which contains information such as modulation, coding, and data rate.
The PHY layer adds or removes the PHY header to or from the PSDU during the conversion process. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98
NEW QUESTION # 63
You suspect an interfere may exist in a BSS that is experiencing sporadic problems. You want to identify and locate the device. The actual device identify is not known.
What tool should be used for this purpose?
- A. Throughput tester
- B. Protocol analyzer
- C. Spectrum analyzer
- D. Cable tester
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 64
As the WLAN engineer in your organization, you must troubleshoot performance problems related to co- channel interference (CCI).
What is a good measurement of CCI impact in addition to the number of APs seen on a channel?
- A. The frequency used
- B. Utilization
- C. Retries
- D. Non-Wi-Fi device count
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 65
You are performing a multiple adapter channel aggregation capture to troubleshoot a VoIP roaming problem and would like to measure the roaming time from the last VoIP packet sent on the old AP's channel to the first VoIP packet sent on the new AP's channel. Which timing column in the packet view would measure this for you?
- A. Delta
- B. Roaming
- C. Relative
- D. Absolute
Answer: A
Explanation:
Delta is the timing column in the packet view that measures the time difference between two consecutive packets in a capture file. Delta can be used to measure the roaming time from the last VoIP packet sent on the old AP's channel to the first VoIP packet sent on the new AP's channel by selecting these two packets and looking at their delta values. The other timing columns are not suitable for this measurement because they do not show the time difference between two specific packets. Roaming is a column that shows whether a packet belongs to a roaming event or not. Relative is a column that shows the time elapsed since the beginning of the capture file. Absolute is a column that shows the date and time when a packet was captured5 References:
* CWAP-405Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 57
* CWAP-405Objectives, Section 2.4: Analyze timing values
NEW QUESTION # 66
You must report on frame types seen on the WLAN. You want to list the frame types by both name and binary value.
What frame type is represented by the binary value 011010, which includes the Type and Subtype values?
- A. Association Request
- B. Authentication
- C. Beacon
- D. PS-Poll
Answer: D
Explanation:
References:
NEW QUESTION # 67
What interframe space would be expected between a CIS and a Data frame?
- A. AIFS
- B. SIFS
- C. DIFS
- D. PIFS
Answer: B
Explanation:
The interframe space that would be expected between a CTS (Clear to Send) and a Data frame is SIFS (Short Interframe Space). A SIFS is the shortest interframe space that is used for high-priority transmissions, such as ACKs (Acknowledgements), CTSs, or data frames that are part of a fragmentation or aggregation process. A SIFS is a fixed value that depends on the PHY type and channel width. A CTS and a Data frame are part of a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send), which is used to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame after waiting for a SIFS, followed by an ACK frame from the receiver after another SIFS. The other options are not correct, as they are not used between a CTS and a Data frame. A PIFS (PCF Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the PCF (Point Coordination Function), which is an optional and rarely implemented polling-based mechanism that provides contention-free service for time-sensitive traffic. An AIFS (Arbitration Interframe Space) is used for medium access by different ACs (Access Categories), which are logical queues that correspond to different QoS (Quality of Service) levels for different types of traffic. An AIFS is a variable interframe space that depends on the AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number) value of each AC. A DIFS (Distributed Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the DCF (Distributed Coordination Function), which is the default and mandatory contention-based mechanism that provides best- effort service for normal traffic. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 166-167; Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page 194-195
NEW QUESTION # 68
You are using a Wireless Aggregator utility to combine multiple packet captures. One capture exists for each of channels 1, 6 and 11.
What kind of troubleshooting are you likely performing with such a tool?
- A. Wireless adapter failure analysis.
- B. Narrowband DoS attack detection.
- C. Interference source location.
- D. Fast secure roaming problems.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 69
You are performing 802.3 network analysis. For what are the DA and SA fields used in the frame header?
- A. They are not used; addresses are only used in the 802.11 header
- B. Defining either direct access or sourced access
- C. Defining either distance access routing or strict access routing
- D. Defining the addresses sending and receiving the frame
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 70
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